Google's Lighthouse tool, built directly into Chrome's DevTools and also available as a standalone web app called PageSpeed Insights, gives a free, on-demand audit of a page's performance, accessibility, best practices, and SEO fundamentals. It scores Core Web Vitals - Largest Contentful Paint, Interaction to Next Paint, and Cumulative Layout Shift - which are confirmed ranking factors, unlike many other technical metrics that only correlate loosely with rankings.
PageSpeed Insights gives you two distinct data sets in one report: lab data (a simulated test run right then) and field data (real user measurements collected from Chrome users who actually visited that page, pulled from Google's Chrome User Experience Report). Field data is the one that actually reflects what Google uses for ranking evaluation, so if the two disagree, trust the field data over the lab simulation.
The free tool has one real limitation: it audits one URL at a time, which does not scale to auditing hundreds of pages efficiently. For that, Google offers a free command-line version of Lighthouse that can be scripted to run across a URL list, though that requires comfort with basic scripting that not every marketer has. A paid site audit tool that runs Core Web Vitals checks across an entire crawl in one pass saves that scripting step entirely once a site grows past a page or two worth manually spot-checking.
A practical workflow: run PageSpeed Insights on your ten highest-traffic pages once a month, note any page scoring below 50 on mobile performance, and prioritize fixing those before chasing perfect scores everywhere. A site with nine great pages and one terrible one still suffers - Google evaluates performance per page, not as a single site-wide average.